Quick Summary

Commercial arbitration in Kerala is governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 — which is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. The Act governs the entire arbitral process from the agreement to arbitrate, through appointment of the tribunal (Section 11), conduct of proceedings, and the award, to challenge (Section 34) and enforcement (Section 36). The Kerala High Court at Ernakulam is the competent court for arbitrations seated in Kerala — handling Section 11 appointment petitions, Section 9 interim relief applications, and Section 34 challenge petitions. The Kerala High Court Arbitration Centre provides institutional arbitration facilities for parties who prefer administered arbitration over ad hoc proceedings.

The seat of arbitration — which must be distinguished from the venue or place of hearings — determines which court has supervisory jurisdiction over the entire arbitral process. This principle was settled by the Supreme Court in BALCO v. Kaiser Aluminium (2012) 9 SCC 552 and reaffirmed in BGS SGS Soma JV v. NHPC Ltd (2019) 7 SCC 209. Parties selecting Kerala as the seat submit to the supervisory jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court for all court-based arbitration applications.

Key references: Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996  ·  Kerala HC Arbitration Centre  ·  Kerala High Court  ·  India IAC  ·  UNCITRAL  ·  Last reviewed: June 2026

The Practice

Commercial Dispute Resolution Through Arbitration

Arbitration under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 is the primary dispute resolution mechanism for commercial contracts in India. When a business relationship breaks down — contractor default, shareholder deadlock, partnership dispute, contract breach, or failure to pay — arbitration provides a faster, private and enforceable resolution pathway compared to civil court litigation.

The practice handles the full arbitration lifecycle: pre-arbitration strategy and notice, Section 9 applications for urgent interim relief, Section 11 petitions for arbitrator appointment before the Kerala High Court, representation through the arbitral proceedings, and post-award enforcement or Section 34 challenge proceedings where required.

The practice also handles mediation and conciliation under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 and the Mediation Act 2023, and appears before the Kerala High Court Arbitration Council and Centre for court-annexed arbitration and mediation matters.

Contact the Practice
Email — Preferred luka@lukeandluka.in Responded to within one working day
Telephone & WhatsApp +91 96057 61330 Monday – Friday, 9:30 AM – 5:30 PM IST. WhatsApp & calls available all days.
Courts Kerala High Court & Arbitration Council
Services

Arbitration & ADR — Areas Handled

01

Section 9 — Interim Relief & Asset Protection

Urgent applications before the Kerala High Court for attachment of assets, injunctions restraining disposal, appointment of receiver, status quo orders. Before, during or after arbitral proceedings. Documents required, timeline and strategy.

Interim ReliefAsset FreezeInjunction
View →
02

Section 11 — Appointment of Arbitrator

Petition before the Kerala High Court when the other party refuses to participate in arbitrator appointment. Deadlock in appointment, defective arbitration clause, non-response to notice. Timeline and process.

AppointmentKerala High CourtDeadlock
View →
03

Section 34 — Challenge to Arbitral Award

Challenge to arbitral award on grounds of public policy, procedural irregularity, fraud, excess of jurisdiction or incapacity. Three-month limitation period. Filing before the Kerala High Court or District Court.

Award ChallengePublic PolicySection 34
View →
04

Enforcement of Domestic & Foreign Arbitral Awards

Execution of domestic awards as decrees of court. Enforcement of foreign awards under the New York Convention. Attachment of assets, garnishee orders, execution proceedings in Kerala courts.

EnforcementForeign AwardsNew York Convention
View →
05

Construction & Infrastructure Arbitration

Contractor default, payment disputes, delay claims, defective work, EPC and PMC contract disputes. Section 9 to freeze contractor assets. Fast-track arbitration for construction disputes.

ConstructionContractorEPC
06

Shareholder, JV & Partnership Arbitration

Deadlock, exclusion from management, accounts disputes, misuse of funds, JV breakdown. Arbitration under shareholder or JV agreement. Interim relief to protect business assets pending arbitration.

ShareholderJVDeadlock
07

Partnership & LLP Dispute Arbitration

Arbitration under partnership deed or LLP agreement. Profit sharing disputes, accounts, wrongful exclusion, dissolution, asset protection pending arbitration.

PartnershipLLPDissolution
View →
08

Dealer, Franchise & Distribution Arbitration

Wrongful termination of dealership, territory breaches, recovery of stock and dues, post-termination restraints. Arbitration under dealer or franchise agreement.

DealershipFranchiseTermination
View →
09

Mediation & Conciliation

Facilitated commercial mediation under the Mediation Act 2023. Court-annexed mediation before the Kerala High Court Mediation Centre. Conciliation under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996.

MediationConciliationSettlement
FAQ

Arbitration — Frequently Asked

Common questions on Section 9 interim relief, Section 11, Section 34, enforcement of awards and ADR in Kerala.

What is Section 9 interim relief in arbitration?

Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 allows a party to apply to the court for interim measures before, during or after arbitral proceedings. Orders available include attachment of assets, injunctions restraining disposal of property, appointment of a receiver, and orders preserving the status quo. In Kerala, Section 9 applications relating to High Court matters are filed before the Kerala High Court.

What is Section 11 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act?

Section 11 provides for appointment of an arbitrator by the court when the parties fail to agree. This arises when one party does not respond to the notice for arbitration, when parties cannot agree on a sole arbitrator, or when nominee arbitrators cannot agree on a presiding arbitrator. In Kerala, Section 11 applications are filed before the Kerala High Court.

On what grounds can an arbitral award be challenged under Section 34?

An arbitral award can be challenged on limited grounds — incapacity of a party, invalid arbitration agreement, lack of proper notice, award beyond the scope of submission, improper tribunal composition, non-arbitrable subject matter, or conflict with the public policy of India. The application must be filed within three months of receiving the award.

How are foreign arbitral awards enforced in India?

Foreign arbitral awards from New York Convention signatory countries are enforceable in India under Part II of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996. The award holder files an execution petition before the High Court having jurisdiction. The court enforces the award unless the respondent establishes one of the limited grounds for refusal under the Convention.

What is the difference between arbitration, mediation and conciliation?

Arbitration is adjudicative — the arbitrator issues a binding award enforceable as a court decree. Mediation is facilitated negotiation — the mediator assists parties in reaching a voluntary settlement without imposing a decision. Conciliation under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 is similar to mediation but the conciliator may make proposals for settlement. Both mediation and conciliation produce a binding settlement agreement if signed by the parties.

Enquiries — Commercial Arbitration

Email is the preferred method. Enquiries are responded to within one working day. Section 9 and urgent interim relief matters are treated with priority.

luka@lukeandluka.in +91 96057 61330 WhatsApp Monday – Friday, 9:30 AM – 5:30 PM IST · WhatsApp & calls available all days
Jurisdiction

Kerala, India. The practice appears before the Kerala High Court, the Kerala High Court Arbitration Council and Centre, and the District Courts for arbitration, mediation and enforcement matters governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996.

Call WhatsApp Email